This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
This course focuses on Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics subjects, offering a deep dive into these fields to enhance your knowledge and skills in STEM disciplines.
Can I use MBA to apply for master of science in finance or Business Administration?
S
Sinbad Chongtham
To apply for the M.Sc Finance program of UBC you must have a four-year undergraduate degree with a minimum GPA of 3.0 in the last two years of study. You must also have at least studied one calculus course and one linear algebra course. International students must submit a valid ELP test score. GMAT score of 550 is preferred. For the M.Sc Business Administration program the admission requirements vary depending on the student’s educational background, work experience, and other factors.
A
Anonymous
IS GRE REQUIRED FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS TO APPLY FOR MS in Pharmaceutical Sciences IN BRITISH COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY?
S
Sinbad Chongtham
Qualification and submission of GRE score is not necessary to get admission in the MS Pharmaceutical Sciecnes program of the University of British Columbia. You can apply for this program after completing a bachelor’s degree in the relevant field with at least B+ grade and a valid ELP test score.
A
Anonymous
Am I eligible for [MS] in pharmaceutical sciences if I'm a degree holder of BTech chemical engineering
S
Sinbad Chongtham
Students who have completed a four-years Bachelor degree in Engineering, Forestry or Medicine with a minimum of 65% from a recognized university are eligible to apply for the master program of UBC. Along with that you must have a valid ELP test score. GMAT/GRE is not required for this program.
Comments
To apply for the M.Sc Finance program of UBC you must have a four-year undergraduate degree with a minimum GPA of 3.0 in the last two years of study. You must also have at least studied one calculus course and one linear algebra course. International students must submit a valid ELP test score. GMAT score of 550 is preferred. For the M.Sc Business Administration program the admission requirements vary depending on the student’s educational background, work experience, and other factors.
Qualification and submission of GRE score is not necessary to get admission in the MS Pharmaceutical Sciecnes program of the University of British Columbia. You can apply for this program after completing a bachelor’s degree in the relevant field with at least B+ grade and a valid ELP test score.
Am I eligible for [MS] in pharmaceutical sciences if I'm a degree holder of BTech chemical engineering
Students who have completed a four-years Bachelor degree in Engineering, Forestry or Medicine with a minimum of 65% from a recognized university are eligible to apply for the master program of UBC. Along with that you must have a valid ELP test score. GMAT/GRE is not required for this program.